AASHTO PP 81-18 pdf free download

AASHTO PP 81-18 pdf free download.Intelligent Compaction Technology for Embankment and Asphalt Pavement Applications.
3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definittions: 3.1.1. cloud- a Web-based user interface. 3.1.1.1. cloud storage- network storage (typically the Internet) where the IC data are stored in virtualized pools of storage. 3.1.1.2. cloud computing- the use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network to enable near-real-time visualization (maps) and manipulation of IC data. 3.1.2. control points (sometimes referred to as“survey marks,”“survey markers,”“monuments,”“hubs,” or“control points”)- objects placed to mark key survey points on the earth’ s surface. These markers are used to indicate elevation and horizontal position. 3.1.3. coordinate system- a system that uses one or more numbers or coordinates to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a manifold such as Euclidean space. 3.1.3.1. geodetic coordinates- -a non-earth-centric coordinate system used to describe a position in longitude, latitude, and altitude above the imaginary ellipsoid surface based on a specific geodetic datum. WGS84 and NAD83 datum are required for use with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and State Plane, respectively.3.1.3.2. state plane coordinates- a set of 126 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. There are 110 zones in the continental United States, with 10 more in Alaska, 5 in Hawaii, and 1 for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The system is widely used for geographic data by state and local governments because it uses a Cartesian coordinate system to specify locations rather than a spherical coordinate system. By ignoring the curvature of the earth,“plane surveying”methods can be used, speeding up and simplifying calculations. Additionally, the system is highly accurate within each zone (error less than 1:10,000). Outside a specific state plane zone, accuracy rapidly declines, thus the system is not useful for regional or national mapping. The current state plane coordinates are based on NAD83. Issues may arise when a project crosses state plane boundaries. 3.1.3.3. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)- a metric-based, geographic coordinate system that uses a 2-dimensional (2D) Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the earth. This system divides the earth between 80°S and 84°N latitude into 60 zones, each a six-degree band of longitude width, and uses a secant Transverse Mercator projection in each zone (the scale is reduced so that the cylinder slices through the model globe). Zone 1 covers longitude 1 80° to 174°W; zone numbering increases eastward to zone 60° that covers longitude 174° to 180°E.3.1.6. design files- databases containing the vector image data of the roadway alignment. Design files can be exported from software programs in various formats (e.g., DWG, KMZ, XML). 3.1.6.1. DGN. files- -are MicroStation Design Files. These files contain a database of 2D or 3D drawings containing vector image data of the alignment created with MicroStation. 3.1.6.2. DWG files- are AutoCAD Drawing Database files. These files contain a database of 2D or 3D drawings containing vector image data of the alignment created with AutoCAD. 3.1.6.3. KML files- are Keyhole Markup Language files that store geographic modeling information in XML format. These files contain points, lines, polygons, and images; they are used to identify and label locations, overlay textures, and add HyperText Markup Language (HTML) content. 3.1.6.4. KMZ files- store the alignment in a format viewable in Google Earth (a global mapping program that provides a bird’s eye view of locations throughout the United States and other areas of the world). KMZ files are zipped KML files which make them easier to distribute and share with multiple users. 3.1.6.5. XML files- extensible markup language data files that use tags to define objects and object attributes; they are formatted much like an HTML document, but use custom tags to define objects and the data within each object. These files are formatted as a text-based database and, therefore, can be edited by a basic text editor.AASHTO PP 81-18 pdf download.